Denmark’s approach to migration has undergone a significant shift, reflecting a growing sentiment among European politicians towards stricter immigration policies. Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen recently expressed a sense of vindication, noting that the narrative once confined to Danish citizens has gained traction among politicians throughout Europe. With Denmark historically viewed as the EU’s “black sheep” in migration policy, the country has adopted increasingly repressive measures since the 2015-2016 migration crisis. This included limiting asylum durations and requiring self-sufficiency for applicants, marking a decisive pivot away from traditional refugee protections and favoring a focus on labor market integration.
The legislative landscape in Denmark changed notably in 2019 with a new law that established temporary protection for refugees as the default. This shift prioritized strict criteria for permanent residence to ensure long-term employment and integration. Denmark’s controversial decision to classify parts of Syria as “safe” led to the revocation of numerous Syrian refugees’ residence permits, underscoring the country’s rigid stance on migration. Additionally, Denmark’s memorandum with Rwanda to transfer asylum seekers for processing sparked international criticism, positioning Denmark as a nation willing to consider unconventional solutions to migration challenges.
Denmark’s strategy evolved further as it sought to engage at the European level, particularly through the New Pact on Migration and Asylum, aimed at reforming EU-wide asylum procedures. Following difficult negotiations among member states, a historic agreement was reached in May 2024, where Denmark and fourteen other nations collectively expressed support for the outsourcing of asylum processes. This shift highlighted a broader endorsement of innovative solutions not only within Denmark but also at the EU level, with proposals to establish external processing centers for asylum claims gaining momentum.
Copenhagen’s renewed advocacy for asylum outsourcing attracted favorable responses, most notably from Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, who endorsed the establishment of deportation centers in third countries. Danish politicians see a promising opportunity to achieve legislative goals during their upcoming EU Council presidency, emphasizing a shared commitment among a growing coalition of countries pushing for these policies. The push towards externalizing asylum procedures is viewed as a definitive method to address irregular migration while maintaining the core ideals of national control over immigration.
However, concerns regarding the humanitarian implications of outsourcing asylum processes were expressed by various organizations. Critics argued that Denmark’s model, which focuses on deterrence, raises ethical concerns and could undermine principles such as non-refoulement. As discussions around the practicalities and logistics of the outsourcing plans remain largely abstract, the Danish government maintains that any agreements need to align with international law and fundamental rights. This ongoing elaboration of the “return hubs” concept signifies the complexities and challenges that will inevitably arise in implementing these proposals.
While Denmark’s migration policy may resonate with some countries, its origins within the Social Democrats highlight a progressive contradiction. Unlike many European countries where hardline policies are often championed by right-wing parties, Denmark’s left-leaning government has adopted stringent immigration measures, drawing applause from conservatives. Frederiksen’s administration justifies its approach as essential for maintaining political power against the rising influence of far-right factions, a sentiment echoed by immigration ministers across Europe. Ultimately, the Nordic nation’s seemingly paradoxical embrace of tough immigration stances amidst a leftist agenda illustrates the evolving political landscape surrounding migration in Europe.
