Biologists David Duffy and Jessica Farrell embark on a journey to collect samples of aquatic life in the Matanzas River in Florida, where they encounter a pod of bottlenose dolphins. They use a variety of methods to collect DNA samples and study the biodiversity of the area, including eDNA, which has revolutionized the field of conservation biology. By detecting traces of DNA left behind by living organisms, researchers can identify species, track invasive species, and even discover extinct species.
Environmental DNA, or eDNA, is shed by all living beings in the form of skin, scales, hair, urine, feces, pollen, and more. It has expanded the scope of biodiversity monitoring, allowing researchers to learn about elusive species that rarely cross paths with humans. However, challenges remain in interpreting the genetic material found in eDNA samples, such as understanding how long it persists in the environment and how variations in water chemistry impact its degradation.
Duffy and Farrell use eDNA sampling techniques in various habitats, including the Matanzas River and sea turtle nesting beaches. They aim to identify the presence of different species and track their movements using genetic fingerprints. By analyzing eDNA samples, researchers can gather information about species ranges, habitat preferences, and population dynamics, helping inform conservation efforts and habitat protection strategies.
Recent advancements in the field include the study of airborne eDNA, where researchers collect genetic material from the air to survey biodiversity. RNA, a molecular cousin of DNA, offers a new approach to understanding recent species presence in an area. RNA breaks down more quickly than DNA, providing insights into recent ecological activity. Methods like the SHERLOCK technique, which uses CRISPR technology, can be adapted to detect eRNA in the field, offering real-time monitoring of environmental stressors and species presence.
As technology continues to advance, researchers are leveraging eDNA and eRNA to study biodiversity on a global scale. These innovative methods provide a non-invasive way to monitor species, track population movements, and assess ecosystem health. By incorporating eDNA and eRNA analysis into conservation efforts, scientists hope to better understand and protect the diversity of life on Earth.
