Defenders of the current international order argue that it has been successful in preventing major wars and maintaining stability and prosperity for a select club of countries. Evan Luard calculated that of over 120 wars that occurred between 1945 and 1984, only two took place in Europe. However, over 98 percent of wars during the Cold War happened outside of the West. This raises the question of who has truly experienced peace under this order, as the West has shielded its members from chaos while sometimes contributing to disorder through interventions.
International cooperation and diplomacy have historical roots that predate the rise of the West. Henry Kissinger’s book “World Order” highlights the Concert of Europe consensus after Napoleon’s defeat in 1815 as a model for international stability. However, the Amarna diplomacy system, which dates back around 3,000 years earlier in the Near East, also promoted principles of equality and reciprocity among great powers. This system lasted longer than the Concert of Europe, showcasing that great-power diplomacy has existed for centuries.
The oldest known pact of nonaggression and nonintervention dates back to around 1269 B.C. between Egypt and the Hittites, showing that these principles have deep historical roots. Rules of warfare, such as the protection of civilians and the treatment of defeated soldiers, can also be found in ancient texts like the Code of Manu from India. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 show similar prohibitions against mistreating soldiers who have surrendered, highlighting the enduring relevance of these principles in modern conflicts.
Acknowledging the historical origins of these concepts provides hope for a more equitable world order that is not dominated by America. Order has always been a collaborative effort, and many nations from the global south are eager to participate in a world with fewer double standards and more fairness. Following their independence in the post-war period, these states became active participants in international politics and multilateral institutions that America is now undermining, showcasing a desire for a more inclusive and just world order.
In conclusion, the current international order has provided peace and stability for a select group of countries, while contributing to disorder in other regions. The roots of international cooperation and diplomacy can be traced back to ancient civilizations, highlighting the enduring nature of these principles. Moving forward, there is a growing desire among nations from the global south to participate in a more equitable world order that is not dominated by any single power. By embracing these historical principles and fostering greater cooperation among nations, a more inclusive and just international system can be achieved.
